NELSON ROLIHLAHLA MANDELA

Birth Place: Mvezo, Union of South Africa

Birth Date: 18 July, 1918 [Age 91]
Religion: Methodism
Political Party: African National Congress

Mandela's words, "The struggle is my life," are not to be taken lightly.

Nelson Mandela exemplifies fight. He is still most important the fight in opposition to apartheid with unusual vigor and resilience after expenditure almost three decades of his life at the back bars. He has sacrificed his personal life as well as his youth for his people, and leftovers South Africa's best known moreover loved hero.

Mandela has apprehended numerous positions in the ANC: ANCYL secretary (1948); ANCYL president (1950); ANC Transvaal president (1952); deputy national president (1952) and ANC president (1991).

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Nelson Mandela) was born in 18 July in a village near Umtata in the Transkei. His father named Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa. Who was the principle councilor of Thembuland. After his father death, Nelson Mandela became the paramount chief ward and groomed for the chieftainship.

Mandela matriculated at Healdton Methodist Boarding School and then ongoing a BA degree at Fort Hare. As an SRC member he participated in a student belt and was disqualified, along with the late Oliver Tambo, in 1940. He completed his degree by correspondence from Johannesburg, did articles of clerkship as well as enrolled for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand.

In 1944 he help to establish the ANC Youth League, who’s programmed of exploit was adopted by the ANC in 1949.
Mandela was selected national volunteer-in-chief of the 1952 Defiance Campaign. He travelled the country organizing confrontation to biased legislation.

He was given a balanced sentence for his part in the movement. Abruptly afterwards a proscription order restricted him to Johannesburg for six months. Throughout this period he formulated the "M Plan", in terms of which ANC twigs were broken down into secretive cells.

By 1952 Mandela with Tambo had opened the first black lawful firm in the country, and Mandela was together Transvaal president of the ANC as well as deputy national president.
An appeal by the Transvaal Law Society to hit Mandela off the roll of attorneys was refused by the highest Court.

For the next half of the 'fifties, he was one of the accused in the disloyalty examination. By means of Duma Nokwe, he conducted the defense.

While the ANC was disqualified after the Sharpeville slaughter in 1960, he was held until 1961 when he went secretive to lead a campaign for a new national meeting.

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the military division of the ANC, were born the same year. Beneath his management it launched a campaign of damage against government and monetary installations.

In 1962 Mandela left the country for military preparation in Algeria and to position training for other MK members.

On his come back he was under arrest for leaving the country unlawfully and for incitement to strike. He conducted his own protection. He was convicted as well as imprisoned for five years in November 1962. Although serving his sentence, he was emotional, in the Rivonia trial, with damage and sentenced to life captivity.

A decade earlier than being jailed, Mandela had spoken out next to the introduction of Bantu Education, recommending that group of people activists "make every home, every shack or rickety arrangement a centre of learning".

Robben Island, where he was jailed, became a centre for learning, as well as Mandela was a central figure in the organized following education classes.

In penitentiary Mandela never compromise his political values and was always a source of power for the other prisoners.

Throughout the 'seventies he refused the offer of a reduction of sentence if he recognized Transkei and established there.

In the 'eighties he again discarded PW Botha's offer of liberty if he renounced aggression

It is important that shortly after his let go on Sunday 11 February 1990, Mandela and his allocation decided to the deferment of armed struggle.

Mandela has voluntary degrees from more than 50 international universities as well as is chancellor of the University of the North.

He was inaugurated as the first democratically chosen State President of South Africa on 10 May 1994 - June 1999

Nelson Mandela retired from Public life in June 1999. He at present resides in his birth place - Qunu, Transkei.

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MAO ZEDONG

Birth place: XiangTan, Hunan Province, China

Birth Date: 26 December, 1893
Death Date: 9 September, 1976 (Natural causes)
Contribution:  Head of the People's Republic of China, 1949-76

Mao Zedong (also Mao Tse-Tung) was the world's most prominent Chinese communist during the 20th century. Mao's Red Army overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek in 1949, and the communists seized power of mainland China. Ruthless and ambitious credit history, Mao turned China into a world military power and created a cult of personality, forcing the distribution of his image and his "Little Red Book" (a collection of political maxims) upon the Chinese people. 

His campaign to export communism made China a threat to the West and led to confrontations in Southeast Asia and Korea. Under Mao's rule China endured a series of economic disasters and political terrorism, but for more than 25 years Mao was China, as far as the rest of the world was concerned. After his death, leaders like Deng Xiaoping steered the country away from pure communism, and the Cult of Mao began to disappear. These days Mao is ranked among the worst of 20th century dictators. alongside Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler.

Mao Zedong’s Early Life
• Dec. 26, 1893 – Mao born to farmer family at Shaoshan, Xiangtan County, Hunan Province
• 1901-06 – Mao attends local primary school
• 1907-08 – Teenaged Mao is married to a woman from the Luo clan; they live together for several years, but she dies at 21.
• 1910 – Mao sees terrible famine in Hunan Province
• 1911 – Revolution, Mao fights on revolutionary side in Changsha against Qing Dynasty
• 1912 – Mao enters Normal School for teacher training
• 1915 – Mao meets future second wife, Yang Kaihui
• 1918 – Mao graduates from First Provincial Normal School of Hunan
• 1919 – Mao travels to Beijing during May Fourth Movement
• 1920 – Married Yang Kaihui, daughter of Professor Yang Changji; three sons

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Mao Learns about Marxism
• 1921 – Mao introduced to Marxism working at library of Peking University
• July 23, 1921 – Mao attends 1st session of National Congress of Comm. Party Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• 1924 – Delegate to 1st National Conference of KMT; organizes Hunan branch
• March 1925 – KMT leader Sun Yat-Sen dies, Chiang Kai-Shek takes over
• April 1927 – Chiang Kai-Shek attacks communists at Shanghai
• 1927 – Mao returns to Hunan, meets with Communist Party re: peasant uprisings
• 1927 – Mao leads Autumn Harvest Uprising in Changsha, Hunan
• 1930 – KMT sends five waves (more than 1 million soldiers) against rising communist power led by Mao
• May 1930 – Mao marries He Zizhen
• Oct. 1930 – Kuomintang (KMT) captures Yang Kaihui and son Anying , Yang executed

Mao Gathers Power and Fame
• 1931-34 – Mao and others establish Soviet Republic of China in mountains of Jiangxi
• “Red terror” – Communists torture and murder thousands of local people
• June 1932 – Red Guard numbers 45,000, plus 200,000 militia
• October 1934 – Chiang Kai-shek’s forces surround communists
• October 16, 1934-October 19, 1935 – The Long March, communist escape 8,000 miles to north and west
• 1937 – Mao publishes “On Contradiction” and “On Practice,” revolutionary tracts
• 1937 – He Zizhen catches Mao in affairs, they split (but don’t divorce)
• July 7, 1937-Sept. 9, 1945 – Second Sino-Japanese War
• Nov. 1938 – Mao marries Jiang Qing (birth name Li Shumeng), later known as “Madame Mao”
• 1941 – Mao advocates “stern measures” against non-cooperative peasants

Chairman Mao and the Founding of the PRC
• 1942 – Mao launches “Rectification of Conduct” campaign, Zheng Feng, to purge other CPC leaders
• 1943 – Mao becomes Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
• 1944 – US sends Dixie Mission to Chinese Communists – Americans are favorably impressed
• 1945 – Meets with Chiang Kai-Shek and George Marshall for discussions in Chongqing; no peace deal
• 1946-49 - Final phase of Chinese Civil War
• Jan 21, 1949 – KMT suffers huge loss against Red Guard led by Mao
• Oct. 1, 1949 – Foundation of PRC
• 1949-1953 – Mass executions of landlords and other “rightists,” more than 1 million likely killed
• Dec. 10, 1949 – Communists take Chengdu, last KMT stronghold. Chiang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan.
• 1950 – Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship signed by Mao and Stalin

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The First Decade: Triumph and Disaster
• Oct. 7, 1950 – Mao orders invasion of Tibet
• Nov. 25, 1950 – Son Mao Anying killed in Korean War
• 1951 – Three-anti/Five-anti Campaigns against capitalists, hundreds of thousands dead by suicide or execution
• 1952 – Mao bans parties except CCP
• 1953-58 – First Five-Year Plan, Mao undertakes instant industrialization of China
• Sept. 27, 1954 – Mao becomes President of PRC
• 1956-57 – Hundred Flowers Campaign, Mao encourages criticism of government (trick to root out dissidents)
• 1956 – Jiang Qing goes to Moscow for cancer treatment
• 1957-59 – Anti-Rightest Movement, some 500,000+ government critics re-educated through labor or shot
• Jan. 1958 – Great Leap Forward (Second Five-Year Plan), collectivization, 20-43 million starve to death

Trouble at Home and Abroad
• July 31 – Aug. 3, 1958 – Khrushchev visits Mao in China
• Dec. 1958 – Mao relinquishes presidency, succeeded by Liu Shaoqi
• 1959 – Sino-Soviet Split
• Jan. 1962 – CPC “Conference of the 7,000” in Beijing, Pres. Liu Shaoqi denounces Great Leap Forward
• June-Nov., 1962 – Sino-Indian War, USSR supports India, China wins Aksai Chin border region
• April 1964 – Parts of “On Contradiction” and “On Practice” republished as part of The Little Red Book
• Oct. 16, 1964 – China tests first nuclear weapon at Lop Nur
• May 16, 1966-1976 – Cultural Revolution, social and political upheaval in reaction against Liu and Deng
• Jan 1967 – Red Guards besiege Soviet Embassy in Beijing
• June 14, 1967 – China tests first hydrogen bomb (“H-bomb”)
 

Mao’s Decline and Death
• 1968 – Soviet troops deploy along border with Xinjiang, fostering revolt among Uighers
• March 1969 – Fighting between China and USSR breaks out along Ussuri River
• August 1969 – Soviets threaten to nuke China
• July 1971 – Henry Kissinger visits Beijing
• Feb. 1972 – President Nixon visits Beijing
• 1974 – Mao loses ability to speak coherently due to ALS or motor neuron disease
• 1975 – Deng Xiapeng, purged in 1968, returns as party secretary
• 1975 – Chiang Kai-shek dies in Taiwan
• July 28, 1976 – Great Tangshan Earthquake kills 250,000-800,000 people; Mao already in hospital
• Sept. 9, 1976 – Mao dies, Hua Guofeng succeeds him
• 1976 – Jiang Qing and other members of “Gang of Four” arrested

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VLADIMIR ILYICH ULYANOY

Birth place: Simbirsk, Volga
Birth Date: 22 April, 1870
Death Date: 21 January, 1924
Contribution:  Founder of Bolshevism and the force behind the Russian revolution

Vladimir I. Lenin was a driving force behind the Russian Revolution of 1917 and became the first great dictator of the Soviet Union. Lenin was deeply influenced by the revolutionary political views of his older brother, Alexander Ulyanov , who introduced him to the ideas of Karl Marx. He studied Karl Marx and formed workers' groups, but was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1895. In 1900 he went to Europe, and in 1903 he led the Bolsheviks in the split of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' party. When revolution broke out in Russia in 1917, he led the Bolsheviks to control the government. Lenin had complete political control over the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) until his death, and is remembered as the man who put Marx's ideas to practical use.

Vladimir Lenin was a bright student in school. He read the writings of Goethe and Turgenev that would affect him for life.

His father died in 1886. Then in 1887, his brother was hung for plotting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. Vladimir Lenin renounced religion and the political system.

Lenin attended Kazan University where he studied law, but was later expelled. He chose to study law on his own, passing the exam and coming first in the class.

Lenin moved to St. Petersburg, where he began practising law. Vladimir Lenin began to develop a Marxist underground movement. He met Nadezhda Krupskaya, who he married in 1898.

In 1895, Vladimir Lenin travelled to Switzerland to meet Social Democrats. When Vladimir Lenin arrived back in Russia, Lenin planned to start a revolutionary paper, but he and the other leaders were arrested. He served 15 months in a prison, after which Vladimir Lenin was exiled to Siberia.

In 1900 they moved to Switzerland where they established their paper, credit history, Iskra (Spark). Lenin rose to a position of power in the Social Democratic party.

In 1917, the revolution happened in Russia. In March, steelworkers in St. Petersburg went on strike, with thousands of people lining the streets. The Tsar’s power collapsed and the Duma, led by Alexander Kerensky, took power. Vladimir Lenin came to power, after a coup.

Vladimir Lenin was named president of the Society of People’s Commissars (Communist Party). Land was redistributed, some as collective farms. Factories, mines, banks and utilities were taken over by the state.

In May, 1922, Vladimir Lenin suffered the first of a series of strokes. In his two remaining years, Vladimir Lenin tried to ensure that Trotsky, not Stalin, succeeded him, but failed. Vladimir Lenin died of a cerebral haemorrhage on January 21, 1924.

Extra credit: For decades after his death, Lenin's well-preserved body was on public display in a special mausoleum in Red Square...

VLADIMIR LENIN QUOTES

Freedom in capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in ancient Greek republics: Freedom for slave owners....Quotes by Vladimir Lenin.

Give me four years to teach the children and the seed I have sown will never be uprooted....Quotes by Vladimir Lenin.

Under socialism all will govern in turn and will soon become accustomed to no one governing....Quotes by Vladimir Lenin.

Any cook should be able to run the country....Quotes by Vladimir Lenin.

Authority poisons everybody who takes authority on himself....Quotes by Vladimir Lenin.

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MAHATMA GANDHI

Birth place: Porbandar, Gujarat, India

Birth Date: 2  October, 1869

Death Date: 30 January, 1948

Contribution: Great Political and Spiritual Leader

Mahatma Gandhi. “Father of the Nation’ along with a billion people.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on the 2nd of October, 1869 in Gujarat, India. He was died on the 30th of January, 1948 in New Delhi, India. Gandhi was a great political and spiritual leader for India, when India was still under the rule of the British Empire.

Gandhi showed through protesting in a non-violent way, great things could be achieved. Through his pioneering way of the philosophy Satyagraha- (the resistance of tyranny through mass civil disobedience) Gandhi lead India to its independence.

Gandhi studied at the University College London to train as a barrister. After finishing his time in England Gandhi moved back to India where he tried unsuccessfully to open his own law firm.
In 1893 he accepted a year-long contract from an Indian firm to a post in Natal, South Africa.

Moving to South Africa was the changing point for him; here he experienced discrimination and racism in all areas of life. When his contract expired Gandhi had planed to return to India. At his farewell party it was brought to his attention about a new bill that the Natal Legislative Assembly was to deny the right to vote to Indians. In seeing this Gandhi was asked to stay in Durban and fight against the injustices levied against Indians in South Africa. After twenty years of passive resistance and noncooperation the South African government finally made several concessions to the Indian people living there.

At the end of the First World War, Gandhi moved back to India where he started his non-violent protesting, credit history, this caught on very quickly in India and soon he had a good following. The British government deemed this type of protesting revolutionary, so in 1920 British troops massacred many innocent Indians at a demonstration. Gandhi then instigated a policy of non-cooperation towards the Brits. Gandhi was imprisoned for a short time; in 1924 he decided to call an end to the campaign of non-cooperation because of India's increasing violence towards Britain.

After six years he again started various campaigns against the British Government, after been imprisoned on several other occasions, Gandhi formally retired from politics in 1934. In 1947 India finally got its independence from Britain. Unfortunately in 1948 Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu radical whilst on his way to a prayer meeting.
Life of Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi was born as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on October 2, 1969 at Porbandar, located in the present day state of Gujarat. His father Karamchand Gandhi was the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Porbandar. Gandhi's mother Putlibai was a pious lady and under her tutelage Gandhi imbibed various principles of Hinduism at an early age.

In 1883, all of 13 and still in high school, Gandhi was married to Kasturbai as per the prevailing Hindu customs. For a person of such extraordinary visionary zeal and resilience, Mahatma Gandhi was by and large an average student in school and was of a shy disposition. After completing his college education, at his family's insistence Gandhi left for England on September 4, 1888 to study law at University College, London. During his tenure in London, Mohandas Gandhi strictly observed abstinence from meat and alcohol as per his mother's wishes.

Upon completion of his law degree in 1891, Gandhi returned to India and tried to set up a legal practice but could not achieve any success. In 1893, when an Indian firm in South Africa offered him the post of legal adviser Gandhi was only too happy to oblige and he set sail for South Africa. This decision alone changed the life of Gandhi, and with that, the destiny of an entire nation. As he descended in South Africa, Gandhi was left appalled at the rampant racial discrimination against Indians and blacks by the European whites.

Soon Gandhi found himself at the receiving end of such abuse and he vowed to take up the cudgels on behalf of the Indian community. He organized the expatriate Indians and protested against the injustices meted out by the African government. After years of disobedience and non-violent protests, the South African government finally conceded to Gandhi's demands and an agreement to this effect was signed in 1914. A battle was won, but Gandhi realized the war that was to be waged against the British awaits his arrival in India. He returned to India the next year.

After reaching India, Gandhi traveled across the length and breadth of the country to witness first hand the atrocities of the British regime. He soon founded the Satyagraha Ashram and successfully employed the principles of Satyagraha in uniting the peasants of Kheda and Champaran against the government. After this victory Gandhi was bestowed the title of Bapu and Mahatma and his fame spread far and wide.

In 1921, Mahatma Gandhi called for the non-cooperation movement against the British Government with the sole object of attaining Swaraj or independence for India. Even though the movement achieved roaring success all over the country, the incident of mob violence in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh forced Gandhi to call off the mass disobedience movement. Consequent to this, Mahatma Gandhi took a hiatus from active politics and instead indulged in social reforms.

The year 1930 saw Gandhi's return to the fore of Indian freedom movement and on March 12, 1930 he launched the historic Dandi March to protest against the tax on salt. The Dandy March soon metamorphosed into a huge civil disobedience movement. The Second World War broke out in 1939 and as the British might began to wane, Gandhi called for the Quit India movement on August 8, 1942. Post World War, the Labor Party came to power in England and the new government assured the Indian leadership of imminent independence.

The Cabinet Mission sent by the British government proposed for the bifurcation of India along communal lines which Gandhi vehemently protested. But eventually he had to relent and on the eve of independence thousands lost their lives in communal riots. Gandhi urged for communal harmony and worked tirelessly to promote unity among the Hindus and Muslims. But Mahatma's act of benevolence angered Hindu fundamentalists and on January 13, 1948 he was assassinated by Hindu fanatic Nathuram Geodes.

Mahatma Gandhi Quotes:

• Permanent good can never be the outcome of untruth and violence.
• First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.
• As human beings, our greatness lays not so much in being able to remake the world - that is the myth of the atomic age - as in being able to remake ourselves.
• The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing would suffice to solve most of the world's problems.
• You must be the change you want to see in the world.
• Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary.
• One needs to be slow to form convictions, but once formed they must be defended against the heaviest odds.
• I object to violence because when it appears to do well, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent.
• Prayer is not an old woman's idle amusement. Properly understood and applied, it is the most potent instrument of action.
• The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.

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ADOLF HITLER

Birth place: Braunau-am-Inn, Austria
Birth Date: 20th April, 1889
Death Date: 30th April, 1945 [Age 56]
Death Place: Berlin, Germany
Contribution: Politician, Soldier, Artist, Writer

  "If freedom is short of weapons, we must compensate with willpower." 

-- Adolf Hitler, Landsberg, 5 November 1925

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in Braunau-am-Inn, Austria. The town is near to the Austro-German border, and his father, Alois, worked as a customs officer on the border crossing. His mother, Klara, had previously given birth to two other children by Alois, (Gustav and Ida) but they both died in their infancy. Adolf attended school from the age of six and the family lived in various villages around the town of Linz, east of Braunau. By this time Adolf had a younger brother, Edmund, but he only lived until the age of six. In 1896, Klara gave birth to Adolf 's sister, Paula, who survived to outlive him.

Hitler grew up in Austria. He enjoyed drawing but failed twice to pass the exam at the academy of arts. He moved to Munich and volunteered for the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment in World War I. During the war, he was wounded and gassed. He was also awarded for bravery in action, credit history.

After the war, he joined the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Worker’s Party). He was soon in charge of the party’s propaganda and eventually became its chairman. For his unsuccessful Beer-Hall Putsch, in which National Socialists attempted to seize power, Hitler was arrested and imprisoned for nine months.

He wrote his autobiography Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in prison. Later, Hitler unsuccessfully challenged Paul von Hindenburg in the chancellor election.

After Hindenburg's death, Hitler became Fuhrer and Reichskanzler (chancellor). He immediately established an absolute dictatorship. While preparing for war, he effectively invaded and annexed as much European territory as possible until Britain and France declared war.

As World War II was running its course, desperation grew among the Germans. Several attempts on Hitler’s life were plotted by fellow high ranking Nazis. Meanwhile, Soviet forces closed in on Berlin, the location of Hitler’s headquarters.

In recognition of her loyalty, Hitler married his long-time mistress Eva Braun at midnight on April 28 - 29, 1945. On April 30 they jointly committed suicide. According to Hitler’s directions, their bodies were cremated.

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Ernesto Che Guevara

Birth place: Rosario, Argentina

Birth Date: 14 June , 1928

Death Date: 9 October , 1967 [Age 39]

Contribution: Political Rebulation and 26th of July Movement

Ernesto Che Guevara was come in this world on July 14, in Rosario, in the part of Argentina. From the beginning of his life, he always tries to work for poor and helpless people. As well as Guevara was familiar to world wide spectrum political person even as a boy.

His father Ernesto Guevara Lynch was an engineer and mother Clia Dela Sena was an Irish as well as Spanish decent. At the age of Che asthma attacks, the doctors advised him for a drier climate. So once more they shifted to Cordoba.

 
Guevara was a typical bourgeois family. Their political inclinations known to be liberal closer to left. When Spanish civil war that time they supported the Republicans. By means of time they fall in financial crisis or situation worsened.

In education, Che started Dean Funes high school, where he was being educated in English. Similarly, he was learning French from his mother. When he was 14, che started reading Freud.
In 1944 Guevara returns to Buenos Aires. That time, they were Having Serious financial problems. So that Che started working, while he was a student.

1948 Ernesto Guevara traveled in the area of all the Argentinean provinces. since that his mind formed curiosity to travel around the world.

In 1951 December; he absent for Chile and Peru in the company of his friend Granado. Guevara lived for a little time in the leper colony of Huambo. After that he continued his trip to Bogata as well as later to Caracas. His mission is to travel around the world.

1953 reverse in Buenos Aires, he completed his studies in medicines. Next, he left for Bolivia with a new friend, Ferrer. They designed to go to Venezuela, passing through Peru and staying for a few time in Guayaquil, Ecuador. They met others Argentineans and determined to go to Central America with a view to travel. They travelled throughout Panama, Guatemala and Costa Rica. in attendance, Guevara met Hilda Gadea, whom he would marry with later, in Mexico. Guevara got in touch with Peruvian exiles.

1954 June; attack of Guatemala against Arbenz's government. Guevara had to run away to Mexico, where he met Cuban exiles.
 
1955 July; he met Fidel Castro who told him concerning his plans to overrun Cuba. He connected the group as well as started his military training.
 

1956 December 2; disembark on Cuba's south coast. December 18, the 12 survivors ongoing the first guerrilla in the Sierra Maestra.

1957 June; Che was named commanding officer. At the end of the year, the war in Cuba entered the critical stage. Guevara was requested to make the journal Cuba Libra in the mass range.

1958 December 29; Che's column fought its concluding battle moreover overtook Santa Clara. December 31, President Fulgencio Batista runaway to Santo Domingo.

1959 January 2; triumphal entrance of Che and Camilo Cienfuegos in La Habana. February; Che is declared Cuban born. On June 2, he married Aleida March. From june till august, Che travelled through Africa, Asia and Yugoslavia. On October 7, Fidel Castro named him head of the Industry Department in the Agrarian Reform's National Institute. On November 26, he is named president of the National Bank.

 1960 Che completed his book "Guerra de guerrillas"("Guerrilla warfare"), in print under the responsibility of the Rebel Department's. It’s first version is concealed all over Latin America. On July 26, throughout the First Latin America Youth Congress, Che defined the Cuban rebellion as a Marxist one. In October, he wrote "Nota Para el Estudio De La Revolucion Cubana" (i.e: For the studies concerning Cuba's revolution"), in which he reviewed the revolution's stages. From October 21 to Febrary 1961, he traveled to the socialist countries (in particular, to China, Czechoslovakia and the USSR) as part of a commercial delegation.

1961 On February 23, he was named Minister for Industry and he quit the National Bank's presidency. In April, he wrote "Cuba, caso exceptional o vanguard en la lucha contra el imperialismo" ("Cuba exceptional case or avant-garde in struggle against imperialism"). On april 17, Playa Giron was invaded. Che was the commander of the military regions. August; Che represented Cuba in the CIES meeting in Punta del Este (Uruguay). He made a short trip to Buenos Aires and had a secret meeting with the Argentinian president, Arturo Frondizi. Then he traveled to Brasilia, where he was decorated by Brazil's president, J. Cuadros, with the Cruz del Sur order.

1962 October; The Russian rocket crisis obligates him to take his military place in Pinar del Rio.

1963 June; Che sent Masetti and a group of Cubans to organize a guerrilla in the northern region of Argentina. He wrote "Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria" (Revolutionary war passages"). In December, he spoke in front of United Nations' Assembly and he refered to the armed struggle as the only way to realize socialism. He travelled to Mali, Guinea, Ghana, Dahomey and Tazania.

1964 March; he went to Peking. On march 25, he made a speech in Ginebra in the Global Conference of Commerce and Development. He continued traveling to Paris and Algeria, where he got in touch with Ben Bella. On November, he visited Moscow for the third time, On december 11, he made a speech and replied to the United Nations' General Assembly. On December 17, he left New York for Algeria via Canada. He met Ben Bella again, and on december 25, he travelled to Mali.

1965 January; he moved to Brazzaville, Congo, where he discussed the anti-imperialistic struggle in Africa with president Alphonse Massemba Debat. Then he went through Guinea, Ghana, Dahomey, Algiers and Paris, where he received the news about Masetti failure. In Febrary he travelled to Tanzania and he took part in the Second Afroasiatic Solidarity Economic Seminary, in Algiers. On march 3, he got in touch with Congo's rebels again. He made a secret trip to Peking. On march 12, "El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba" ("Socialism and man in Cuba") was published, in this book Che exposed his new man's theory, credit history. On march 14, he went back to La Habana. In april he gave up all his official positions and his Cuban nationality in front of Fidel Castro. In July, he secretly travelled to Congo through Cairo. On october 3, Fidel Castro showed the letter where Guevara had given up his nationality and his charges of Minister and Commander.

1966 March, he had to leave Congo and went back to Cuba. From March to June he travelled through Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia.

 
1967 On March 23, the guerrilla defeated the Bolivian army in their first unexpected battle. On april 10, the guerrilla triunfed again. Regis Debray and the Argentinian Ciro Bustos left the camp. They were caught by the army on april 20 and so was the journalist George Roth. On May 14, the Bolivian forces took the Nancahuazu guerrilleros' camp which, just before,had been evacuated. On October 8, the battle in Quebrada de Yuro took place. The following day, the Bolivian goverment announced that Che had been executed. On October 15, Fidel Castro formally acknowledged Ernesto Che Guevara's death.

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